Indian Ethos and Values Essay

This is the first truth thought to every child. Even a poor uneducated man living in a hut knows that God is in everybody and therefore there is sameness in all. The second truth is about a holistic universe. Where at a level of pervading consciousness everything is interconnected at WASTHI LEVEL (Individual level) my limbs, hands, legs, ears, eyes, heart, lungs†¦. Everything are me. I live in all of them. Their sorrows and joys are my sorrows and Joys. Similarly at SAMASTHI level (the whole universe) I am not a single individual but I am a part of the whole universe Just as my limbs are part f me. Modern science has accepted that in this holistic universe all minds and matters are interconnected at a deeper level. The basic unity of life cannot be broken. Love, sacrifice therefore emerge as the only for a meaningful living. On the basis of this holistic vision, Indians have developed work ethos of life. They found that all work, physical or mental, managerial or administrative have to be directed towards single purpose. The manifestation of the divinity in man by working for the good of others, for the happiness of others. These Indian ethos are required all over he world in present scenario in managing business and industry effectively and efficiently. Some of these ethos are as follows: All work/Karma to manifest divinity, hence these must be pure, good, honest and sincere. Indian philosophy also teaches to perform every work without having any attachment to result, because results do not fall under the Jurisdiction of a doer. Such thinking and understanding will change the whole attitude. Now the results will become a PRASAD-gratitude – coming from the God himself. You can now accept the result with open mind without apprehensions-Just as you accept members into Considering motivations as internal every human being has the same divine atman with immense potentialities within Vedanta brings infinite expansion of mind, breaks down all the barriers and brings out the God in man. Motivation is to be internal and not external. Such motivation involves the inner beauty and does not promote any greed in an individual to have more and more in return of his work. Such an understanding is essential before embarking on the task of building the indigenous system of management. These are: Essential divinity of human soul Essential owners and solidarity of universe and all Philosophy of an integral experience. Family is the basic unit of social system. Rishi and ashramiac culture. Purusharth the mission. Varna-Ashram system. Spirit is free enquiry, tolerance and selective assimilation. The characteristics of Indian culture are that attends to be pervasive and enduring. When an international company is setting up business in India, it will have to look for the acceptability of their management in its present form in the Indian situation. The four basic cultural dimensions which may account for differences in management and HRD practices across culture are: the extent to which a society empahises collective rather than individual activity. the extent of power distance or tolerance for social inequility the extent of acceptance of uncertainity the extent to which a society empahises â€Å"masculine values† and behaviour such as assertiveness,ambitiousness and dominance etc. In the above diagram, the basic or the fundamental requirement for a manager is his VISION’ and attitude towards the environment in its totality i. e. Cosmic view based on cultural values. Next comes the emotional stability of the manager. He must be a self- controlled and self-propelled man. This can come by the heavy input of sattvic gunas and the constant practice of niskam karm. Job skills is the last input. Which though important, is not the ‘Core Requirement’ as the westerners view it. Hence any international company should imbibe above mentioned features seeking the business in India.

Marine pollution

Introduction of man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazard to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of sea-water, and reduction of amenities. Marine pollution occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine ollution are land based. In the past many substances were recklessly dumped in the ocean and it was assumed that they could be easily absorbed without any damage to the marine environment. Ocean dumping includes such materials as sewage sludge, industrial waste, explosives, and particularly huge quantities of dredge spoils.Marine pollution includes a range of threats including from land-based sources, oil spills, un treated sewage, heavy siltation, eutrophication (nutrient enrichment), Invasive species, persistent organic pollutants (POPS), heavy metals from mine tailings and other sources, cidification, radioactive substances, marine litter, overfishing and destruction of coastal and marine habitats There are three main types of inputs of pollution into the ocean: Direct discharge of waste into the oceans, =>Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from urban sewerage and industrial waste discharges, sometimes in the form of hazardous and toxic wastes. ining for copper, gold. etc. , is another source of marine pollution. Most of the pollution is simply soil, which ends up in rivers flowing to the sea. Runoff into the waters due to rain, Surface runoff from farming, as well as urban runoff and runoff from the construction of roads, buildings, ports, channels, and harbours, can carry soil and particles laden with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals.This nutrient-rich water can cause f leshy algae and phytoplankton to thrive in coastal areas, known as algal blooms, which nave the potential to create hypoxic conditions by using all available oxygen Pollutants that are released from the atmosphere =>Wind blown dust and debris, including plastic bags, are blown seaward from landfills and other areas. >Climate change is raising ocean temperatures and raising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.This, in turn, is altering aquatic ecosystems and modifying fish distributions, with impacts on the sustainability of fisheries and the livelihoods of the communities that depend on them Ship's pollution Ships can pollute waterways and oceans in many ways. Oil spills can have devastating effects. While being toxic to marine life, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the components in crude oil, are very difficult to clean p, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment. Major effect- Impairm ent of marine life.Plankton, esp. neuston at highest risk – exposed to water soluble components leaching from oil. In Mangroves – lenticels clogged with oil oxygen level in sediments drops – death. Discharge of cargo residues from bulk carriers can pollute ports, waterways and oceans. In many instances vessels intentionally discharge illegal wastes despite foreign and domestic regulation prohibiting such actions. It has been estimated that container ships lose over 10,000 containers at sea each year (usually during storms).Ships also create noise pollution that disturbs natural wildlife Ballast water taken up at sea and released in port is a major source of unwanted exotic marine life. The invasive freshwater zebra mussels, native to the Black, Caspian and Azov seas, were probably transported to the Great Lakes via ballast water from a transoceanic vessel Invasive species can take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new diseases, introduce new gen etic material, alter underwater seascapes and Jeopardize the ability of native species to obtain food.

How to Invest Like Warren Buffett Essay

Introduction Simplicity is the best word to describe the life of philanthropist and mega-billionaire Warren Buffett. The same single word also depicts his multi-billion worth of investment principles and strategies (Cunningham, 2008, p. 18). For more than fifty years Buffett was able to build a multi-billion investment empire with his simple investment philosophy. Like his more than 60 billion dollar fortune under his name, Buffett, who is by far the greatest philanthropist of all time for donating almost all of his wealth to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, is also one of the most observed and most admired personalities in business with countless of articles, books and blogs written about him. If most common people look at him as the most generous man in the world today, people in the corporate world regard him as the greatest guru— or even ‘God’— in the realm of investment. With his great fortune, he is considered ‘God’ in investment because of his ability to spot real value when everybody focuses their attention on market movements and because of his unparalleled skills and knowledge to transform simplicity into greatness. If most billionaires like Bill Gates and Lakshmi Mittal built their business empires through managing profitable technology corporations and industrial firms, Buffett made billions by simply knowing how and when to invest his money. How He Started To know more about the investing secrets of Warren Buffett, it is necessary to look at how he managed his most precious property— his life, and how he lives it (Schroeder, 2008, p.1). He learned how and when to earn money at an early age, and he filed his first income tax return when he was only 13 (Sosik, 2006, p.149). Buffett’s value investment career started when he put his money in Berkshire Hathaway, a little known and ignored holding company based in Omaha, Nebraska in the 60’s. Now everybody is startled to know that if you invested $10,000 in the company in 1965, the value of that money today would be more than $30 million (Investopedia Staff, 2007). If his close billionaire friend Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard University to focus on Microsoft Corporation, Buffett, who is known in the business world as ‘Oracle of Omaha,’ was rejected by Harvard Business School. This experience somehow taught him a great deal not only about business but also about life. To most people Harvard is one of the best, if not the best, schools in the world, but Buffett thought otherwise— his basis of choosing school was not the institution, but the people who would impart the requisite knowledge and values. So when asked about his mentors, Buffett only had three people on top of his mind— his father, Benjamin Graham, and Phil Fisher. His father— Howard Buffett— taught him the positive values he needed to live, while Graham and Fisher taught him the basic principles in investment and how to make money in this profession. His investment style is consisted in the following rubric— think outside the box. When he graduated from college, he wanted to make money in Wall Street, but his father and Graham discouraged him (Miles, 2004, p. 30). The two believed that there were great opportunities waiting for him outside Wall Street. That was the time when everybody wanted to work on Wall Street and when everybody focused their attention on the stock market. Buffett believes that stocks are more than just an asset or capital; it is business. His Philosophy It would be futile to know the secrets of his billion dollar secrets without knowing how he thinks and what he believes in. Unfortunately, most of his biographers failed miserably to look into what is in the mind of the world’s greatest investor. In fact, a review of some literatures and articles would reveal that they just focus on the extrinsic side of Warren Buffett; they failed to look at the intrinsic aspect of his life. Many believe that his philosophy is consisted in these two major Buffet rules— first, never lose capital; and second, don’t ever forget the first rule (Miles, 2004, p. 70). It would be best to say that this does not embody Buffett’s philosophy but rather his tactical investment approach. A business philosophy is something that one holds as his primary direction in life— the fountainhead of his concepts and beliefs, the beacon of his goal, and the reason for living. Buffertt’s business philosophy can be expressed by his following simple quote— â€Å"Be feaful when others are greedy and be greedy when others are fearful† (Hagstrom, 1997, p. 52). Essentially this buffett-line expresses the inherent nature of free-market system, which he and his friend Bill Gates have in common. Under a free-market system, it is rational and ethical to be greedy, since the primary goal of a capitalist is not just to earn profit but to expand it and ensure that it creates limitless profits and opportunities. For some this statement may sound ironic or paradoxical since it contradicts the popular or media-fed persona of Warren Buffett. With this belief— that greed is good, Buffett was able to transform his meager investment into a multi-billion dollar empire that even exceeded that of Gates and Mittal. His investment experience proves that by creatively and greedily investing one’s money— one can make a good or even great fortune out of creative value investment. So what does it take to be like Warren Buffett? Definitely it takes a rational and moral philosophy, proper knowledge, and non-conventional investment point of view to follow the billion dollar investment footsteps of Buffett. But what is the role of philosophy in Warren Buffett’s billion dollar investment strategy? The problem with most people is that they tend to mainly focus on tips, secrets, or strategies. Most successful people did not achieve their status by keeping ‘success secrets’ or ‘strategies’ but by putting into action a rational philosophy that motivates and creates values. A simple look at the life and investment career of Buffett would reveal that it is his rational philosophy that continues to motivate him— that keeps on pushing him to do what he does best. As what Fridson said, budding investors must focus on â€Å"uncompromisingly rational investment philosophy† of Warren Buffett. This is because investment secrets or strategies can be absorbed or learned in a very short span of time or even overnight, but it takes an indefinite period of time to absorb and embody a rational philosophy to translate these secrets or strategies to reality. Of course, this billionaire will not exactly say what people would like to know. Contrary to the many written articles about his investment secrets or strategies, Buffett’s secret is in fact consisted only of three simple words that should be practiced everyday— â€Å"read, research, and think† (Miles, 2004, p. 70). Vague and ambiguous as it may seem but this three-pronged strategy is what Buffet practiced and embodied throughout his more than fifty years in the world of investment. That is why it is stressed in this paper that simplicity best describes the life and investment principles of Buffett. For example, this read-research-think approach of Buffett is the essential element of his cigar-butt investment method. Buffett in fact creatively applied this three-pronged approach in his early years as a value investor. Unlike most investors, Buffett put much premium on his rational judgment than on what most people see in the market. His investment style can be likened to that of a diamond prospector. He knows how to assess which diamond is real or not in just a single glance. He reads, he researches, and he thinks. His Investment Strategy Buffett’s investment strategy is governed by two rules and a number of principles. These dual rules have been mentioned above. This sets the difference between his investment philosophy and his investment strategy. Thus in this paper, Buffett’s investment strategy is composed of rules and principles. Under his primary rule, it is not sensible or moral for an investor to invest and then later on lose his money. Thus this can be avoided by paying attention to his three-pronged investment approach— read, research, and think. By following the aforementioned approach, a young investor may be able to discover several things that are essential in investment’s decision-making process. Buffett considered Graham as his investing mentor. According to Miles (2004, p. 72), it was the Graham school from which Buffett learned not just the basics but also the quantitative principles in investment. On the other hand, he learned a great deal about Fisher’s qualitative side of investment, such as brand, management skills, soft skills, and competition. Thus he said: â€Å"I am an active reader of everything Phil Fisher has to say† (Miles, 2004, p. 72). Now every promising and even established investor is eager to hear what he has to say. Despite his unparalleled success as an investor, he still gives credit to his two mentors, as he likes to say that he is 85 percent Graham and 15 percent Fisher (Hagstrom, 1997, p. 27). The reason why it is important to read, research and think is because in investment, it is highly indispensable to consider the following aspects: a) study the business; b) know well who runs it; c) put money in profits; and the most important of all d) have self-esteem. On the other hand, Buffett’s basic steps when investing are the following (Miles, 2004, p. 70): Determine how much you own Conduct research before buying Focus on business ownership not on stock ownership Simplify investments to manageable proportions Keep a single decision to hold a stock and be a continuing holder For example, before investing his money, Buffett researched first the nature and potentials of Gillette, which is still the world’s top producer of razor blade. Warren’s holding company Berkshire Hathaway invested $600 million in Gillette in 1989; four years ago it already owned 11 percent of said company. This means that from the original $600 million investment, Warren’s holding company’s investment grew up to over $3 billion. When he decided to purchase Gillette, he did not mind its value in the market but the potential profits it could muster in the long run. As a value investor, Buffett put money in securities with low prices according to their intrinsic value. In determining the value of a stock, there is no commonly acknowledged method to get the right figure. Basically, the focus of value investors is not on what the market says but on what the company’s potentials and fundamentals offer. This is because there are some companies that are undervalued by the market yet with good potentials to grow and rake in long-term profits. This is the attitude that Buffett showed to modern investors. Markets only reflect the short-term value of a company, and it takes proper knowledge, better understanding, and courage to discover which company is undervalued and has the capacity to establish a long-term profit-making success. His investment methodology Buffett’s methodology is composed of quantitative aspects in value investment. Under this process, he considers the relation between a stock’s quality and its value. Based on his method, the return on equity is equivalent to net income over shareholder’s equity (Investopedia Staff, 2007). One thing that Buffett considers is debt/equity. Before investing, he conducts research whether a company kept away from excess obligation. This is actually a basic principle in investment— do not invest in a company with huge debt. To Buffett, a debt-ridden company has a low capacity to guarantee return on equity. Debt/equity can be measured by dividing the total amount of obligations by shareholders’ equity (Investopedia Staff, 2007). If a company has more debt than equity, it is not advisable to put money in such company since it uses debt to finance its assets and operations. For instance, a company that has a higher ratio of debt vis-à  -vis equity has an unpredictable earning capacity and is prone to high interest expenses (Vick, 2000, p. 169). When one is investing in a particular company, it is advisable to look at the long-term obligation rather than the total amount of debt. Another aspect that is considered by Buffett is the profit margin. However it is not only important to know if a company’s profit margin is high, what is more important is to know whether it is growing. The capacity of a company to earn long-term profits relies not merely on having a positive profit margin but on constantly expanding this profit scope as well. The attitude of Buffett towards investment can be explained by how he managed Berkshire Hathaway. He purchases stocks to keep the same and he does not look at stocks as a commodity that can be bought and sold but as a business entity. His investment style is simple— he buys stocks and treats them as his own business, and this business makes profits not just for a short span of time but for as long as it stays profitable. He also considers the age of the company— the longer the better. Those that stay in the business for at least ten years are good investment opportunities. Since Buffett admits that he only has a limited knowledge in technology corporations he only puts money in a business which he absolutely understands. He puts much premium on longevity, and this principle brought him where he is right now. When he invested in Berkshire Hathaway, he envisioned of a long-term business that could earn a limitless amount of profit. This is what he learned from Graham, which most researchers consider as the proponent of old school in investment. Perhaps the new school in investment is the buy-and-sell style of most investors wherein profits are short-term and limited. Interestingly, Buffett also looks at the nature of business of a particular company. If most investors usually look at numerical figures, Buffett focuses on the qualitative sides of a company. For example, if a company depends on a commodity like gas and oil, he thinks that such company only offers limited returns on equity (Investopedia Staff, 2007). If the product of a company is identical from those of its market rivals, he thinks that competition would hamper the profit-making ability of such company. To understand the importance of this approach in investment, it is necessary to look at the biggest stock holdings of Berkshire Hathaway. The holding company owns 9.5 percent of Gillette, which is the leader in razor blade industry (Jubak, 2004). It also owns 9.2 percent or $10.1 billion of Coca-Cola, which is one of the biggest companies in the beverage industry. The other companies which Berkshire has shareholdings are the following: American Express, American Standard, Ameriprise Financial, Anheuser Busch, Burlington Northern, Comcast, Comdisco, Conoco Phillips, Diageo, First Data Corp., Gannett Inc., GAP, H&R Block, Home Depot Inc., Ingersoll-Rd Co., Iron Mountain, Johnson & Johnson, among many others (Losch Management Co., 2006). Conclusion Billionaire Warren Buffett is indeed an unconventional value investor who thinks outside the box. At a time when most people paid attention to what the stock market says, Buffett relied only on his competent judgment, on his rational philosophy, and on his self-styled investment principles and strategies. That investment philosophy— be greedy when others are fearful put him to where he is right now, with billions of dollars in his. Despite his unmatched success, he remains humble and still retains the ethical values he learned from his father (Boroson, 2002, p. 18). In business, greed is moral and good. In contrast, fear is something that must be overcome to earn limitless profits from investment. Indeed, Buffett attained his unparalleled success by being ‘greedy’ while others cowered in fear of losing their money.   Taken as a whole, his investment tactic can be summarized into three essential principles— a) make your strategy simple and understandable; b) be consistent with your operations and approaches; c) focus on positive long-standing prospects. One interesting point to take into account is that Buffett’s philosophy and investment strategies never contradict each other. When he advises new investors to be ‘greedy,’ he means profits and business. And when he tells people who would like to follow his footsteps to read, research, and think, he would like them to rely on their own judgment and not be affected by other people’s opinion and market trends. With his more than fifty years in business, Buffett introduced the importance of self-esteem in investment. That it is important to rely on one’s moral judgment. By relying on his own judgment, Buffett maximized his profit-making capacity through Berkshire Hathaway. This means that there is no difference between the work ethics and potentials of a value investor and an industrialist. If Bill Gates and Lakshmi Mittal both create technology through their colossal industrial empires, Buffett creates limitless potentials through his creative and self-inspired investment principles. REFERENCES Boroson, W. (2002). J.K. Lasser’s Pick Stock Like Warren Buffett. New York: Wiley Cunningham, L.A. (2002). How to Think Lke Benjamin Graham and Invest Like Warren Buffett. New York: McGrawhill Professional. Losch Management Co. (2006). Berkshire Hathaway Stock Holdings 2006. Retrieved December 11, 2008, from http://www.loschmanagement.com/Berkshire%20Hathaway/Berkshire%20Holdings/2006.pdf Hagstrom, R.G. (1997). The Warren Buffett Way: The Investment Strategies of the World’s Greatest Investor. New York: Wiley. Investopedia Staff (2007, September 21). Warren Buffett: How He Does It. International Business Times. Retrieved December 11, 2008, from http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/20070921/how-he-does-it.htm Miles, R.P. (2004). Warren Buffett Wealth. Principles and Tactical Methods Used by the World’s Greatest Investor. London: Wiley Sosik, J.J. (2006). Leading With Character.   North Carolina: Information Age Publishing. Vick, T.P. (2000). How to Pick Stock Like Warren Buffett. New York: McGrawhill Professional.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Essay Example Another very admirable feature of the behavior of Germans is the respect of the younger for the elders. German children respect their parents a lot which lays the foundation of a strong family system in Germany. The young ones spend time with the elders, seek advice from them and try to benefit from their experience and wisdom. Germans also â€Å"respect foreign cultures and learn their languages† (Bernstein 45). On the other hand, Americans are more focused upon equality of rights and individual’s freedom irrespective of age difference. They are not quite as particular as Germans about showing reverence for their elders while communicating with them. American youth tends to cultivate a culture of friendship with the elderly and since equality is one of the fundamentals of friendship, the young ones tend to approach the elderly as their parallels. Unlike the Germans, the Americans don’t make much effort to learn the foreign languages. Instead, the foreigners ente ring America learn the Americans’

Anish Kapoor Exhibition Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anish Kapoor Exhibition Review - Essay Example Anish Kapoor: Memory suggests the sequences in which human perception arises through the principle of memory. â€Å"Memory,† a site-specific installation which contrives to fill Guggenheim’s enormous gallery space, becomes an investigation of scale, volume, color and materiality and consequently experiments on the limitations or restrictions of space and place. The exterior shell of this massive egg-shaped sculpture secures itself tightly against the peripheries of the gallery walls and ceiling, and down again to the floor. The eight millimeter thick Cor-Ten steel material chosen by Kapoor allows the form to achieve an apparent weightlessness although in reality, the sculpture is sits heavily at twenty-four tons. The illusion of lightness is realized through the construction of complex structural engineering that is specifically designed to be experienced through a series of partial and spatially separated views. Hence, Memory’s charm lies in its inaccessibility, preventing itself from revealing its true form. Memory is conceived as a new kind of experience as something that cannot be experienced at once but is rather understood through a series of separate, meaningful fragments. No one sees the whole thing at once as a result of the use of gallery space. Each visible segment is only seen after the viewer has experienced other unrelated elements of the museum and we are reminded that our memory in part, works in a similar fashion. The exhibit’s presentation invites us to daydream and reconstruct a mental image through the process of gestalt. In that sense, Kapoor considers the ways in which people feel and think about space, how they form attachments to their environment, and how feelings about space and place are affected by the sense of time. Memory is a critical understanding of how we are rooted to place and space. He extends his observation regarding the directionality of the different viewpoints

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of progressivism Essay - 1

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of progressivism - Essay Example First, progressivism facilitated transparency in national governance. For instance, it led to the introduction of democratic elections in many American cities hence reducing the effects of partisan elections, which was a norm before the ideology.1 Additionally, the doctrine introduced referendum as a means of getting public consent before making changes to universally critical laws. Still on governance, people got control of the nation government through electing senators and other public office bearers for fair representation in government. Typically, the foundation and principles of democracy currently existing in the U.S had its origin back to the progressivism era. Secondly, progressive movement diluted the much negativity witnessed during the industrial growth since it was a post-industrial revolution ideology. For instance, despite the economic boom happening during that time, wealth was in the hands of a few wealthy people in the U.S locking out a primary part of the population from sharing the national cake. Consequently, progressivism introduced law reforms that enhanced equitable distribution of wealth to ensure that the majority of the people enjoyed national wealth. Additionally, the industrial revolution era promoted child labor and poor working conditions that risked the lives of many American citizens.2 Therefore, progressivism introduced child labor laws, minimum weekly working hours to 40 and minimum wage amongst other labor reforms. Thirdly, progressive movement facilitated the emergence of revolutionary public leaders who cared more about reforms than their individual gains.3 For instance, many government officials from political and non-political Circle worked towards ending corruption in municipal councils, public transportation, law enforcement and other public services. Moreover, the politicians ensured they enacted legislation that gave power to the people to control elected leaders. For instance, a law was passed that

Third exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Third exam - Assignment Example John 150.0 16,200.00 523.81 16,723.81 523.81 16,000.00 Romeo Co Stachurski 206.0 22,866.00 437.64 23,303.64 0.00 22,608.85 Total 2374.5 281,396.25 11,584.67 292,711.42 9,598.95 269,788.74 Table 1 Table 1 shows the clients of ABC Consulting, the employees who work with the respective clients, the hours that these clients were billed, the reimbursable expenses (costs billed) relating to each worker, the total billed to each client, and the costs and fees collected from the clients to September 2013. The total hours billed for the month was 2,374.5 hours and the total fees billed excluding reimbursable expenses was $281,396.25. ... total hours billed = 254,665.13 ? 2,374.5 $107.25 Table 2 The information in Table 2 indicates that the overall cost per billable hour of operations for the month of September 2013 was $107.25. Effective Billable Hourly Rate per Worker The effective billable hourly rate per worker is found by dividing the fees collected from each client by the hours billed to that particular client. The effective billable rate for each worker is shown in Table 3. Client Worker Hours Billed Fees Collected ($) Effective billable rate per hour ($) Alpha Co Acevedo 170.0 18,837.37 110.81 Bravo Co Barger 143.5 16,425.01 114.46 Charlie Co Ekundayo 120.0 14,250.00 118.75 Delta Co Fitzgerald 137.0 15,842.40 115.64 Echo Co Fyffe 85.5 12,825.00 150.00 Foxtrot Co Gilbert 112.5 12,150.00 108.00 Golf Co Harmon 98.0 10,780.00 110.00 Hotel Co Hefner 122.0 14,274.00 117.00 India Co Kirchner 150.0 16,560.00 110.40 Juliett Co Madorma 123.5 14,202.50 115.00 Kilo Co Miller 102.0 11,268.04 110.47 Lima Co Myers 122.5 13,4 13.75 109.50 Mike Co Pellek 89.5 12,000.00 134.08 November Co Preston 156.0 16,818.71 107.81 Oscar Co Shahbazi 139.0 15,354.20 110.46 Papa Co Smith 147.5 16,178.91 109.69 Quebec Co St. John 150.0 16,000.00 106.67 Romeo Co Stachurski 206.0 22,608.85 109.75 Table 3 The information in Table 3 indicates that a total of six workers – Gilbert, Myers, Preston, Smith, St. John Stachurski exceeded the $110 benchmark. They achieved effective billable rates of $108, $109.5, $107.81, $109.69, $106.67 and $109.7 per hour respectively, The effective billable rates per hour for September 2013 ranged between $106.67 and $150 and this information suggests that ABC Consulting recovered the company’s overall costs of $107.25 per billable hour on every job except Quebec Co which

Exam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam - Research Paper Example This Company therefore works hand in hand with Health Insurance association of America. Due to this prestige and availability of finances, Apple employees have good health cover which guarantees quality services in the best medical firms in America and all over the world. Pensions are sums of money paid to an individual regularly in fixed terms after retirement. Retirement plans in United States collaborate with human resource of all companies to ensure that no employee retires without pension. Pensioners are guaranteed both defined benefit and defined contribution pensions. Apple offers pensioners other benefits apart from pension for instance Equity within United States, Fixed and timely income and foreign equity. Paid off times are hours designated for employees to use whenever need arises. These hours are used mostly for sick days, schedule time off and extended absence off. Paid off times are beneficial to operations of the company because they allow individuals overcome fatigue and stress reducing cases of last minute absence and make employees feel satisfied. After every sales increase Apple pays for employees’ holidays though at irregular basis to continue serving customers. Work from home is practice whereby individuals engage in economic activities of their companies while away from job place. This is mainly indulged by agents and senior employees who have required resources at their homes for instance reliable internet and telephones. Apple provides best work at home services because their technical customer advisors are based at their homes and they work for short times but earn good salary. The employee will be able to perform other duties. Flexible hours are periods that employee is scheduled for work but is free to adjust his or her own program to cover for transport, picking children, and child care for breast feeding mothers. Apple allows customers to work according to their schedule for instance one can come early and leave before time or come late and compensate for the lost time. Wellness programs are activities conducted to keep the employee’s bodies, mind and emotions healthy. Wellness programs are for instance motivation talks, drug abuse rehabilitation and weight loss programs. Apple has well equipped gym where employees are free to exercise after job or lunch time and has reduced health related costs. Question 3 A partner for public service is a non-profit organization whose main duty is to ensure employees work according to set standards. Its mission is to shape the way civil servants deal with government duties. Strategic planning is process of integrating current and future goals of an organization by using right process which leads to innovation. Strategies help in creating a nexus between human resource development policies and goals of the organization. Planning project teams are individuals chosen to spear head the formulation and implementation of projects. Team members need to understand viv idly the issues affecting their group for easy identification of solutions. Strong planning project is made by members who co-operate to avoid competition among them. Adequate communication is paramount to policy making since team members need to talk to clients especially in non-profit organization where team members go out to meet clients. Division of labor among

A New Line of Organic Products for an Existing Company Assignment

A New Line of Organic Products for an Existing Company - Assignment Example This essay stresses that Auntie Anne’s is regarded as one of the most successful pretzel makers which is recognized in many parts of the world. The company successfully caters to large groups of consumers through its distinctiveness in maintaining quality and freshness of its broad assortment of products. Thus, the theme of this research is to devise an appropriate marketing plan that is to be utilized for launching three different products i.e. Cocoa dusted chickpeas, flavored hazel-nuts and kale chips by Auntie Anne’s. One of the severe challenges that Auntie Anne’s might face is to maintain the freshness and quality of the products while delivering to the consumers. The company specializes in fast packaging of the products. Auntie Anne’s packs food products which are taken out of hot ovens and wrapped almost after 30 minutes following the baking of snacks. This process is followed in a very fast manner as the company focuses not only on packing the prod ucts but also preserving the freshness along with those. This article makes a conclusion that in order to get into a conclusion, a proper marketing plan was designed which reflected the overall strategies that is needed to be undertaken by Auntie Anne’s in order to launch its new organic products in the market. It can be stated that the devised marketing plan would eventually support the company to accomplish its predetermined business targets in terms of successfully introducing new line of organic products in the business markets where it operates. ... The marketing plan can provide a distinct idea about the current business status of the company and it will also help in analyzing the need and demands for new organic products by the consumers. In addition, the plan will prove to deliver great aid in developing a clear picture about the competitors of the company and the current buying behavior of organic products by the consumers. Thus, all these facets will deliver a lot of clarity for launching the products in a diversified manner. With this concern, this paper will consist of designing a marketing plan for introducing as well as promoting a new line of organic products on behalf of Auntie Anne’s that would comprise cocoa dusted chickpeas, flavored hazel-nuts and kale chips. The plan would entail all relevant marketing strategies that will be required to be undertaken by the company for ensuring a proper launch of the aforementioned products in the business markets where it operates. Moreover, efforts will be made to ident ify the potential areas and specific segments where these products could be launched backed up with the formulation of an appropriate marketing plan. The steps that are needed to be undertaken for launching the products will primarily be based upon the product’s characteristics. Evaluation of Current Business Prospects of the Organization The current business prospects of Auntie Anne’s are set to be flowing in a very customer oriented manner. There are numerous prospective factors, which the company is currently working upon. The main factor is that the company is intending to create a level of distinctiveness in order to satisfy the customers by complying with their requirements by a considerable level. The products that manufacture by Auntie Anne’s are

Implications of Leadership and Ethics on Organizational Behaviour Assignment

Implications of Leadership and Ethics on Organizational Behaviour - Assignment Example However, unlike most leaders I do not have an outgoing style or a sense of humor. My personal leadership effectiveness is perfect; however, this trait somehow affects it. To ensure that I leverage my strengths, I plan to focus more on past successful leaders and try to determine how they made their achievements. Additionally, I plan to put my strengths in every bit of practice so as to enhance them. Changing my attitude and personality in relation to my weaknesses is the only way through which I can eliminate the weaknesses I have. The only barrier to implementing these plans may be my dedication and determination to implementing them. However, I believe I have all the space and time to implement these development plans. Loyalty and respect is a key value that shapes my leadership behavior. My loyalty and respect to the organization where I work has not only improved my leadership behavior but has also enhanced my social responsibility, and help my motivate employees working under me. In addition, as a value, I often base my decisions on values and not beliefs. I believe values surpass both experiences and contexts. Therefore, the decisions I make for the organization are determined by my values and not beliefs. A reflection on Henry Mintzberg’s literary work â€Å"Beyond Selfishness† brings about the notion of a heroic manager and an engaged manager. For one to be a Heroic Manager they have to depict some form of perfection and excellence. For managers, the drive to being heroes simply involves differentiating themselves, to be who they can be. Managers who act as role models to certain individuals may still be considered heroic managers by those individuals. Being a heroic manager enables one to lead the people who admire them. In contrast, being more of a hero may become counterproductive, particularly if it dis-empowers your subjects. Generally, for mangers, occasional heroic acts may help their subjects feel they can imitate and depend on

JUvenile Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JUvenile Death Penalty - Essay Example The concern remains unresolved. Provided with information regarding the transfer of juvenile offenders to adult criminal court, it is safe to assume that these juvenile offenders still obtain substantial considerations from the criminal justice system because of their youthfulness or immaturity. It is quite appropriate to specify or set a certain age bracket wherein a juvenile offender can be tried in court as an adult and can be sentenced to the death penalty for a capital crime committed. There are particular factors that should be considered in handling juvenile delinquents and these factors can go far beyond the scope of academic disciplines. Hence, the debate if juvenile offenders should be tried as adult in criminal courts or should be sentenced to death for capital offense is still ongoing. Daryl Renard Atkins was arrested and imprisoned for alleged abduction, armed robbery and capital murder. During the penalty stage of the trial of Atkins, the defense depended on a single witness, a forensic psychologist, who attested that Atkins is suffering from a mild bout of metal retardation. The jury decided to send Atkins to the death row, however, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled for a second hearing due to the trial court’s deceptive use of a verdict form. At the second sentencing hearing the same forensic psychologist played as a witness for the defense, but this time the State invalidated Atkin’s aptitude. Once again, the jury decided to sentence Atkins to death. In confirming, the Supreme Court of Virginia used as a basis the Penry V. Lynaugh which is a similar case as of Atkins, in turning down Atkin’s disputation that he cannot be put to death because of his mild case of mental retardation (Clendenen & Beaser, 2009). Therefore, the question here is, if whether the execution of mentally retarded persons

Ethnic Identity Is an Interactional Identity Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Identity Is an Interactional Identity Essay The word â€Å"ethnic† that we use in our daily life sometimes can be related to foreign origins, unusual, different, unique, traditional, and has cultural relation. Actually, the word of ethnic came from the Greek word â€Å"ethnos† used by Homer in Iliad on 7-8th BC which indicates a group of people that is different from â€Å"us†. However, as the time move forward, the word â€Å"ethnic† has been understood as stated above (foreign, unusual, different, unique, traditional, and cultural related). As I understand, ethnic group can be defined as a group of people that belief they share the same ancestry, history, cultural traits such as language and religion which are different from other group. Some said ethnic group is equal as cultural group. However, Edmund Leach who studied Kachin people in Burma (Myanmar) argued that by assuming that there are no differences between ethnic group and cultural group will lead to failure in addressing various aspects of ethnic phenomena (Dr. Rie Nakamura’s slide, What is an Ethnic Group? Ethnic troubles Theories of Ethnicity). The question here, what is the concept of ethnic identity as â€Å"interactional identity†? Before I explain further, I would like to define what ethnic identity is. According to Kanchan Chandra (2006), ethnic identity means an individual is eligible to be a member by determined his identity. There are four major components of ethnic identity: 1. Ethnic awareness (understanding of one’s own and other groups) 2. Ethnic self-identification (label used for one’s own group) 3. Ethnic attitudes (feeling about own and other groups) 4. Ethnic behaviors (behavior patterns specific to an ethnic group).

Developing Mathematical Abilities for Children

Developing Mathematical Abilities for Children The mathematical development foundation was established in the earliest years. Mathematics learning had built on curiosity and enthusiasm for children to grow naturally. Mathematics at this age, is suitably connected to a child’s world, is more than â€Å"getting ready† for school or accelerating them into elementary mathematics. Appropriate mathematical skills challenge young children to explore ideas related to patterns, shapes, numbers, and space with increasing complexity. The child’s cognitive development is how the concentration works and how the children learn, aim and comprehend. As children develop cognitive from pre-lingual and pre-symbolic stage to the use of language and symbols to operate concepts. The ability related to later mathematics learning are also developing. The abilities for mathematics cognitive learning are memory, language skills and the ability to male mental pictures of numbers and space. Young children begin to use their memory when co-operating with others and recall the experiences. Infants will respond to familiar faces and to music. Children begin to notice environment print and they begin to understand the role of letters and numbers as abstract symbols for familiar things. The child’s cognitive development is how the concentration works and how the children learn, aim and comprehend. As children develop cognitive from pre-lingual and pre-symbolic stage to the use of language and symbols to operate concepts. The ability related to later mathematics learning are also developing. The abilities for mathematics cognitive learning are memory, language skills and the ability to male mental pictures of numbers and space. Young children begin to use their memory when co-operating with others and recall the experiences. Infants will respond to familiar faces and to music. Children begin to notice environment print and they begin to understand the role of letters and numbers as abstract symbols for familiar things. Pattern making it is significant as it enables children to identify simple repeated ideas. It is a good basis for finding patterns in numbers later on. Sorting will help children’s understanding of numbers, they should have opportunities to sort as many different materials as possible and in many different ways as they can. Counting and ordering children will need to be come familiar with the number system, they will need to do this through counting and ordering numbers and group of numbers with the same criteria. Recording they will start to record numbers and patterns. They have found out in simple ways, through pictures and simple charts and tallies. When I was observing children there was a child that knew the numbers and knew how to make 3 colours the same. This child is very intelligent, last day we were playing with blocks and I told him to tell me how many reds there are and he told me that there are 10 in all. Then I told him to put 4 block together that are the same colour and he did them without any help. In maths the boy is at a higher level, he knows how to count and to join 4 blocks together I was playing with a boy and we were saying numbers and I told him to count the clothes that there are suspended and he started to count but he didn’t knew the numbers well. He begin to count but he forgot what numbers comes after 1 and he had some problem to remember them so I tried to help him by saying him the beginning of the numbers but he couldnt remember the number that comes after 1. This child needs help in numbers, he need someone to teach him the numbers at home. I think that their parents are not helping him and teaching him the numbers. His level is low and he needs to improve more. The children built their confidence when they have someone who understands them and who play with them. They be confident with people that they have attachment with. When children know things like numbers they feel more confident of saying them. If they are confident their self- esteem will be more high. For children to be fruitful in working with others, and in explanation their own sympathies, they must develop the mathematical language vital to help them express what they believe. Conversation amongst themselves and with a teacher, offers children with chances for social message, and for shared understandings to be exchanging and developed. To do this children need to have self-assurance and don’t be shy of saying the answers or asking a question. If they don’t understand they can’t learn maths well so they need to be confident and ask. Yesterday I was doing an activity with 2 children that are the same age. They are different from each other because one is very confident and likes to do the activities and she is very motivated of doing them. Her self esteem is very high and she is very confident. The other child is very shy and he don’t like to interact with others. He don’t like to do activities because he knows that Im going to ask him questions for example which color he like most so he need to built some confidence with himself and with others because his self-esteem is very low. He need to communicate more with others even at home his parents need to interact more with him. As with all others areas of learning one will need to build children’s confidence when working on mathematical ideas. From an early age , children should be presented with positive and fun methods of working with mathematical tasks in ways that engage all learners. Adults should take care to ensure that tasks are introduced in a way that stimulates children so that they do think of mathematics as difficult. Occasionally concepts may be difficult to grasp, and children will find new ideas challenging. They should be given plenty of opportunities to use games, investigations and other forms of mathematics, which will develop their skills while also encouraging them to be independent. Last day we were playing, and in the class we have a number line. I was playing with Christian and I asked him to count the numbers. He was very shy at the beginning because he don’t believe in himself and he don’t have confidence with others. Then I helped him by praising him and told him that he is able to count them and I knew that he know them so he began to count them. He needed some support and courage to built confidence and to feel comfortable talking to me. Im going to talk about the theories that are involved in mathematical development. I’m going to talk about Piaget and his conservation of numbers according to his constructivist theory. Constructivism, first developed by Piaget, views learning of mathematics as the building of meaning and understanding based on the modeling of reality, the examination of pattern, and the gaining of a mathematical nature. Though I have chosen conservation in mathematics as the test case the account Piaget provided is expected to apply more usually to his entire composition, and I believe is further genuine by changes in his thought he also draw upon other examples to make his case. He make no effort to define the different stages of Piagetian development but make position to them when necessary; that wasnt his focus. More, he use Skinner as the exemplar of behaviorism even though there are other varieties. The reasons for doing so rest with his supremacy among instructors of all punishments and the potential benefits to justifying the wide-spread mistake of his work, too. Language and hearing processing shortfalls affect ability to learn language and math concepts and solve problems. Students may have amenable or communicative language problems that can considerably affect their learning and ability to express what they do not comprehend or show how they solved problems. They can help them by teaching them those things: Partner with Teachers to Manage Language and Auditory Processing Deficits. Use Hands-on Materials to Improve Your Childs Math Comprehension Re-Write Word Problems to Enhance Auditory Comprehension Provide Step-by-Step Models of Problem Solving We were doing an activity about maths and I was explaining them sum and what they need to do some of the children couldnt understand the concept of the sum so I needed to explain it again and more in detail. If I didn’t explained it again and more in detailed they wouldnt understand and learn the sum. When I was doing the activity some of the children didn’t understood the vocabulary because was a little bit hard for them so I asked them where they didn’t understood and I explained it better.

Laboratory Report on Aldehydes and Ketones

Laboratory Report on Aldehydes and Ketones Mark Norly L. Tundag I. OBJECTIVES At the end of the experiment, the students are able to identify the functional group present in aldehydes and ketones, also on determining their physical and chemical properties and to perform chemical test to distinguish one from the other. II. MATERIAL and APPARATUS The experiment used a bunsen burner, vials, 100 ml beaker, test tube holder, vial brush, clay flame shield, wire gauze, acetaldehyde1, benzaldehyde2, acetone3, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozine4, ammoniacal silver nitrate solution [ (Ag((NH)3)2)NO3], Fehlings a and b, 6m sulfuric acid [H2SO4], very dilute potassium permanganate [KMnO4], distilled water [H2O] and Schiff’s reagent5. III. PROCEDURE and OBSERVATIONS The test for the physical characteristics of the carbonyl compounds namely the acetaldehyde (an aliphatic aldehyde), the benzaldehyde (an aromatic aldehyde), and acetone (a ketone) was the first to be investigated. Four drops of each of the carbonyl compounds were mixed with 2 ml of water in three separate vials. Only the aromatic aldehyde did not form a homogeneous mixture it formed two layers instead, wherein benzaldehyde at settled at the bottom. B1.The reaction between the carbonyl compounds and the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozine was performed and the precipitate was identified. After taking five drops from each of the carbonyl compounds that were placed again in three separate vials, yellow-orange precipitate that readily formed was seen after adding into each of the vials another 5 drops of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozine. 2. The reaction of the carbonyl compounds with the Tollen’s reagent was performed next. Only with the aldehydes did a silver mirror on the sides of the vials were observed to exist when the carbonyl compounds mixed with Tollen’s reagent in three separate vials were heated for ten minutes. A black stain was only seen on the ketone vial with the reagent. 3. The result of the carbonyl compounds with the Fehling’s test was determined. From blue, the only compound that changed its color to green was the aliphatic aldehyde when the mixture of five drops of fehlings a and b with five drops of each of the carbonyl compounds in three separate vials were placed on the water bath. The remaining carbonyl compounds had no observable changes happened. 4. The reaction of potassium permanganate to the carbonyl compounds was observed and the organic products identified. Brown precipitate was formed on both the aliphatic and aromatic aldehyde but not on the ketone, when five drops of the carbonyl compounds was added to the mixture of the five drops pink colored potassium permanganate acidified with 2 drops of 6M sulfuric acid placed into three different vials. 5. The result of the Schiff’s test with the carbonyl compounds was described and interpreted. Only the aldehydes were a changed of color occurred when five drops of the Schiff’s reagent was placed in the three separate vials containing the carbonyl compounds. From cloudy white solution of acetaldehyde to lavender and yellowish solution of benzaldehyde to a colorless solution with pinkish globule that settled at the bottom of the vial. IV. CONCLUSION Aldehydes and Ketones are collectively called as carbonyl compounds, referring to their carbonyl [ C=O ] functional group that affects their solubility rendering it relatively higher because of the molecule’s ability to hydrogen bond with water but it is also dependent to the molecular mass and the number of carbon present on the nonpolar ‘R’ group, if the R group is strong enough to cancel out the hydrogen bonding of the functional group with water it will make the entire compound insoluble. Benzaldehyde, for example is insoluble because of the presence of the benzene ring that is nonpolar in nature. To investigate the chemical properties of carbonyl compounds and to differentiate one from the other some reagents were used in the experiment: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozine for example gives off a yellow orange precipitate when it detects the presence of the carbonyl functional group in a solution, the aliphatic aldehyde reacted to the reagent forming acetaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozone1, the aromatic aldehyde reacted to the reagent forming benzaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozone2, the ketone reacted to the reagent forming acetone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozone3. Tollen’s that contain ammoniacal silver nitrate on the other hand, differentiates aldehyde from a ketone considering the fact that silver mirror on both the vials were formed due to the reduction of the oxidizing agent forming Ag+, only aldehydes can undergo oxidation because of the presence of an oxidizable hydrogen on their structure in which case ketones don’t have. The resulting organic product of the oxidati on of aldehydes is carboxylic acid. This result can also be duplicated using another oxidizing agent that is KMnO4 in an acidic medium giving off brick red precipitate (the oxidizing agent that is reduced) and the corresponding carboxylic acid, obviously still in this reaction there will be no change to be expected with the ketone. The strength of the oxidizing agents can also have a great impact to an impending reaction because if a weak oxidizing agent is used only the aliphatic aldehyde can react, this is evidently observed in the experiment using the Fehling’s test. The reagents contain copper sulfate in five moles of water with two drops of sulfuric acid and potassium tartrate sodium hydroxide that allowed the formation of the carboxylic acid CH3COOH and the precipitate that is brick red, the Cu2O. Although, the stated reactions above can be handful enough evidence to differ an aldehyde and a ketone there is also the Schiff’s test to add the list, the ketone wont still react and the change in color is still on the side of the aldehydes , this ranges from lavender to pink. The more I have journeyed through these experiments, the more I came to be amaze with the organic compounds I once just often paid less attention to other than the comfort room while reading the labels and ingredients at the back of the shampoos and soaps and conditioners I used. Chemistry, my first love. V. THEORITICAL BACKGROUND An aldehyde contains at least one hydrogen attached to the C of a C=O (carbonyl group). A ketone contains two alkyl groups attached to the C of the carbonyl group. The carbon in the carbonyl is sp2 hybridized, has a bond angle of 120o, and is trigonal planar. Aldehydes and ketones have dipole-dipole attractions between molecules, and no hydrogen bonding between molecules. These compounds can hydrogen bond with compounds have O-H or N-H bonds. The melting points and boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are between alkanes and alcohols. The slightly positive carbon atom in the carbonyl group can be attacked by nucleophiles. A nucleophile is a negatively charged ion (for example, a cyanide ion, CN), or a slightly negatively charged part of a molecule (for example, the lone pair on a nitrogen atom in ammonia, NH3). During a reaction, the carbon-oxygen double bond gets broken. The net effect of all this is that the carbonyl group undergoes addition reactions, often followed by the loss of a water molecule. This gives a reaction known as addition-elimination or condensation. An aldehyde differs from a ketone by having a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group. This makes the aldehydes very easy to oxidize. For example, ethanal, CH3CHO, is very easily oxidized to either ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, or ethanoate ions, CH3COO-. Ketones dont have that hydrogen atom and are resistant to oxidation. They are only oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability to break carbon-carbon bonds. REFERENCE Stroker, Stephen H., Exploring General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Cenage Learning, 2010

Personal Narrative- Photo :: Personal Narrative Photograph Picture

Personal Narrative- Photo Remember back to the times of your youth, when a family member or friend would grace you with a gift? Remember that butterfly feeling you would get in the pit of your stomach and work itself outward and make you tingle with anticipation? Remember waking up early on Christmas morning way ahead of your parents only to attempt to wait patiently until they arose? Remember the moans of despair when they finally did clamber out of their bed to tell you that breakfast must be eaten first before gifts are opened? And remember the giggles that escaped one's lips when they grin mischievously and say "just kidding?" There was always one wrapped gift that stood apart from the rest. For weeks you gazed and pondered what on earth it could contain. At night as the sandman sang his sweet song in your ear you could swear that the gaily wrapped parcel was singing in unison, murmuring "open me first" over and over again. On my mantel sits a photo that captures this feeling. The likeness was not taken at Christmastime, but on an ordinary day which makes that day even more special to those involved. This photo rests within a white ceramic frame illuminated with two tiny, pink flowers with delicate green runners emanating outward on opposing sides of the frame. Another flower rests within, a flower in bloom. Daffodil eyes squinting in merriment, rosebud lips stretched to their outermost reaches, grasping for the sun, and cherry blossom cheeks glistening as with the morning dew: This is my daughter Daisy. She sits atop the very first bike she has ever had. (A gift from Easter Seals, made especially for her.) She knows she is special and her heart is full of gladness. She beams at those surrounding her running circles about them with her laughter following in her wake. What a magnificent steed she has! She learns quickly how to control this beast and have it obey her slightest wishes. Right now, at this exact moment in time, all is right with the world.

Moral Judgment Essay -- essays research papers fc

‘Moral judgments are nothing more than expressions of personal preference. While there is some point to arguing about questions of fact, moral arguments are a waste of time. The only thing at issue is what people like or don’t like’. I have probably read this statement about a million times and still do not have any qualms against it. Moral judgments are typically based on your upbringing, your likes, your religion (or non-religion), and numerous other aspects that make up your personality. Those listed traits and further attributions give you the basis of what you are going to feel morally to many issues such as: homosexuality, abortion, murder, stealing, etc. While many of us feel that we are always precise when making a judgment, this paper will show that no matter how hard we try; the above statement will always be true. In Rachels’ The Elements of Moral Philosophy; it states, â€Å"Ethical Subjectivism is the idea that our moral opinions are based on our feelings, and nothing more†. Ethical Subjectivism is what the topic statement is defining. When you make a moral judgment, such as the following: I disagree with homosexuality; what is your basis for the judgment? Society, your parents, your religion – these are all things that round out your personal preferences. By making such a statement, you are in fact just stating your own opinion (which is an extension of your preferences). In the dictionary, opinion is defined as: a belief or conclusion held with confidence but ...

Society and the Roles We Play/Zimbardo and the Hoax

Psych 333: Social Psychology Society and the Roles We Play/Zimbardo and the Hoax As social human beings we encounter the powerful effects of roles every day. Whether you’re an experienced doctor or a propane truck driver, your roles are much more than just a small piece of a big picture. Our roles are in nature a social element that when used correctly can slightly or completely alter another’s. When used maliciously our roles can not only psychologically damage an individual or a handful of people, but also the masses.Adolf Hitler’s role as a chancellor changed the roles of normal German soldiers to genocidal henchmen which in turn changed the Jews’ roles as a race of beautiful people to what seemed like verminous animals needing extermination. The dynamics of social roles are not always this drastic but when they are, our life as we know it changes. To see how similar a real life tragedy and a staged study are with damaging effects of roles, it is import ant to analyze the Stanford Prison Experiment and a very horrible real life tragedy comparatively.In order to explain such a socially fascinating phenomenon as the Stanford Prison Experiment led by Zimbardo, we must first see what social psychological factors were at play. First it is important to know that all participants in this experiment including the prisoners, the guards, and the confederates gave their full consent to participate. This is important because the main method of this experiment would make the participants take on different roles. This method helped determine the purpose of this experiment which is whether or not the participants’ would perceive their roles as pretending or reality.This perception was shown through behavior from both prisoners and guards as a self-fulfilling prophecy. This is evident because the reciprocal behaviors expressed by the prisoner participants and the guard participants would amplify each other’s behavior. An increase of aggression causes an increase in submissiveness which in turn amplifies aggression and continuous into a vicious cycle. The experiment has been argued to have been unsuccessful; however the experiment contained a high amount of experimental realism. Although the experiment was unethical it yielded fascinating results from both the prisoners and the guards.First I believe it is important to analyze the behavior exhibited by the participants in the experiment. Prior to the experiment, the participants were in fact informed about the nature of the experiment and the moment they were arrested they would assume their roles as prisoners. A majority of the experiment was done inside of the prison. It was during this time that the prisoners displayed many social psychological behaviors that result from playing a submissive role. The progression of the experiment’s time also caused some of these interesting behaviors to amplify.It is important to understand that the underlining qualit y that the prisoners in this study exhibited was learned helplessness. This is predominantly evident when the prisoners’ acts of rebellion toward the guards diminish. This leaved the prisoners with an overall sense of helplessness. They were more likely to submit to the hostile and aggressive demands of the guards. Although some of the demands of the guards such as doing countless numbers of pushups would seem unethical in a real prison, even a participant assuming a false role as a prisoner follows such preposterous demands.What is more perplexing about this study was the fact that these participants in fact knew that they were not really guilty of any crime but as the experiment progressed and the guards became more aggressive the inmates displayed very passive behavior because they knew that their behaviors could not change the current predicament that they were in. Another remarkable concept that helped reinforce the participants’ roles as prisoners was the Saying- Becomes-Believing Effect. In one instance the participant known as prisoner 8612 would either rebel or would show what would be seen as undesirable behaviors in the guards’ eyes.After doing this the guards would have the inmates punished and also have them chant â€Å"Prisoner 8612 was bad†. The prisoners seemed to show a certain degree of animosity towards prisoner 8612 and eventually led to his outright emotional breakdown and made him to truly believe that he was a bad prisoner. This again shows the strength of learned helplessness in social cognition. Prisoner 8612 believed he was a bad prisoner; therefore he became a bad prisoner. The only thing more fascinating than the growing submission of the prisoners had to be the increasing aggression by the prisoners.It is a confounding concept that in most prisons, the idea that prison guards act more harshly towards an inmate because they are in fact psychologically feeding off of the prisoners’ submissiveness. Th e guards in the study were introduced exactly as the prisoners were to the study’s nature just as different roles. Their roles would begin the moment they arrested the prisoners. Upon arriving to the prison however, the guards would assume an entirely different role than a prisoner.These soon-to-be tyrants would use one of the most powerful social psychological weapons in their armory: deception. The Stanford Prison guards used deception in a number of ways during this study. In the experiment they introduced the privilege cell and the penalty box to the prisoners. The privilege cell was a much nicer cell than the ones given to the rest of the prisoners. When the guards put certain prisoners in the privilege cell this deceived the other prisoners into believing that this prisoner was good which in turn caused the prisoners to be more behaved.The same deception was used in punishing the prisoner with the penalty box which was a small broom closet sized room which would be used to keep the prisoners when they were bad. Another method of deception that the guards inflicted was towards the family of the prisoners. The guards forced the prisoners to write to their families constantly that everything was going well in the prison. Along with these letters the prisoners would also force the prisoners to identify themselves as their assigned numbers rather than their actual names.I confounding factor that also helped in the amplifying aggression of the guards towards the prisoners was their act of justification. It is rather odd that regular people who for the most part did not assume any kind of authoritative role use authority in such a severe way. When questioning the severity of their actions towards the prisoners justified their actions by telling themselves that they are being told to be this way towards the prisoners and also that the prisoners’ behaviors caused them to bring the consequences upon themselves. The experiment seemed so real that it c ould not even complete the full desired duration.This experiment will always be remembered as one of the biggest contributions to social psychology because it showed the powerful effects of submissiveness vs. authority. It was because of this experiment also question and reevaluate what is and isn’t ethical in social psychology experiments. It also shows us how people whether they are in positions of authority or not can manipulate this powerful psychological element against others causing not only psychological and emotional ramifications, but also legal ones as well. This was seen in one of the cruelest hoaxes ever played.The hoax that I am describing was one that went from what seemed to be a mean prank call, to dozens of legal repercussions and countless victims of emotional and psychological distress. These calls were made by David R. Stewart. Although Stewart seemed like a man of average intelligence, it wouldn’t be unfair to consider him to be a social psycholog ical genius. Stewart’s calls as a person in a position of authority not only manipulated his victims but also tormented them with a number of social psychological weapons but also used the psychological factors of his victims against themselves.He was sometimes able to take two innocent people and make one a victim of sexual assault and the other a victim in a single phone call. In order to analyze how Stewart was able to succeed at this it is important to see what psychological factors were in play both in the mind of Stewart and his victims. First, Stewart assumed a role of authority as a police officer, corporate employee, or federal officer. This role helped Stewart claim legitimacy to his victims. Although this would seem like enough to control his victims he also used a factor that was possessed not by him but by his victims.Stewart attacked those who worked in the food industry. This may seem odd but it is fact a very intelligent group of people to attack because peopl e in the food industry are trained to be more obedient than others traditionally would. Society’s schema of the food industry portrays it in such a fashion that the number one priority of the industry’s employees is customer satisfaction. In order to achieve customer satisfaction the employees must obey the customer’s wishes. When the employee is on this type of a mindset it isn’t unfair to say that their vulnerability to authority would also heighten.The heightened obedience to authority also arises from another social schema of law enforcement. We tend to live in the illusion that because law enforcement has a higher authority than civilians do, we must do everything they tell us to. This schema is also the reason police often get a confession or information leading to a confession from people because although individuals have the right to remain silent, police use authority to trick them into confessing. The perplexing aspect of this event is not just the acts themselves that were performed, but the fact that the acts grew more and more sexually perverse.Although the act of the hoax itself was perplexing, it is even more fascinating on how the public criticized the whole phenomenon. This alone had so many interesting psychological happenings. Even news broadcasters like Fox-TV called the â€Å"victims† of this hoax were â€Å"colossally stupid†. Another made a statement quoting â€Å"They had the critical ability to decide whether to carry out their orders†. Statements like these show both a hindsight bias and a self-serving bias. People claim that they would never perform perverse and lewd acts on another because an authoritative figure told them to do so.The self-serving bias is the fact that they believe they would personally behave more favorably and the hindsight bias is the fact they claim they would have behaved differently after they heard of the incident. Although people harshly criticized the victim s Stewart did in fact con two thirds of the people he called. This proves an interesting argument because people who read this story will most likely claim that they will never behave in such the fashion the victims did, but because of these social biases it is impossible to know if one would truly fall for a hoax like that.Many look at Zimbardo’s and Milgram’s studies and see the obvious social psychological connection between both. What is interesting is how this real world hoax and the two above studies have very predominant similarities. Both instances involve two different groups of normal people assuming a role and watch how their roles completely change their lives. In both situations people who would never normally behave to the roles they were given behave exactly to their roles. In both situations the submissiveness of one person amplifies the aggression and authority of another.In both situations the victims’ roles caused long term psychological and e motional distress. It shows us a society full of schemas that is naturally obedient in following orders whether we believe them to be right or wrong. So in essence these incidents are very relevant to each other and also to social psychology as a field. It is relevant to how we think, how we behave, and how we interact with others. The average person would say that Zimbardo’s study was obviously unethical. This is true because it is unethical.The American Psychological Association provides the Institutional Review Boards to keep experiments ethical and protect the participants in this study. The fact that participants in the study underwent emotional distress proves that the study was unethical. In hindsight, if Stewart’s hoax was indeed replicated it would be terribly unethical to say the least. It is because Zimbardo’s study being so similar to the hoax that roles become psychological damaging. In Zimbardo’s experiment, the participants felt the effects of a six day role long after the study.In Stewart’s hoax, just a few minutes or hours changed some of the victims involved for the rest of their lives. Although it is fair to challenge ourselves as psychologist, experiments with the psychological severity of the Stanford prison experiment are not needed because we know the social psychological implications of role playing. This analysis fits very well with the social psychological perspective. Roles, schemas, and biases show the dynamic of the human’s psychological potential.You do not have to be a PhD psychologist to manipulate more than sixty average people to perform sexual or lewd acts on other innocent people. It also does not take a PhD psychologist to give average people a role that is unordinary to them and watch them change as a person. What seems like simple terms in social psychology can be used as powerful and manipulative weapons in psychological warfare. These concepts also help realize the importance of the roles that we play every day and how they can change the social world as we know it.

School Crime And Violence

villainy and fierceness in give instructions be issues that atomic number 18 of signifi cant public concern, especially later the series of tragic school shootings recently. The schools deliver exercised c be in making the students secure but legion(predicate) schools ar out serious facing serious lines so that legal strategies can be devised to prevent school abandon and increase school safety. (Small and Tetrick). The wrong school vehemence and school safety, are still terms that call for to be commonly defined.The authors master(prenominal)tain that Multiple approaches can prove beneficial as each discipline brings to bear the full fight of its knowledge and experience, but they complicate the labour of summarizing the state of school violence. For instance, should school violence be considered a subset of youth violence? (Small and Tetrick). Most of the violence in schools are involved in hoops. A gang is a group of people who devise an allegiance for a com mon usage and engage in unlawful or criminal activity. Gangs give members companionship, guidance, excitement and identity.When a member needs something, the opposites come to the delivery and provide protection. Gangs members take significantly rase levels of self-esteem compared to their non-gang peers. They in addition could name fewer adult role models than did their non-gang ,peers. It is no distrust that America has get under ones skin a barbarian society. Television programs alone show disgusted murders and violence as if they are familiar incidences in our lives. It is said that children learn to come after the violence that they see on television. These gull root in a potty of issues, foremost of which is on sub restraint.The arrogant effects of the strict enforcement of hit man laws are readily seen. The Brady bowel movement, for example believes that ground checks nationwide stopped over 600,000 felons and other forbid purchasers from buying hand he ro sandwichslingers from nationally licence slice dealers. Some say this is one large-minded reason why there is a need to advocate flatulency keep in line. erst people realize that there is a direct correlation between the increases in violence as correlated with bomber possession, they would similarly be against zep violence in society. However, opinions are at odds with regards to the issue of heavy weapon check.Remarkably, both advocates and opponents of bomber ascendence policies in the United States social function statistics to back up their stance. The Bureau of judge Statistics reports that According to the internal criminal offence development Survey (NCVS), in 2003, 449,150 victims of violent crimes give tongue to that they faced an offender with a firearm. Incidents involving a firearm re takeed 7% of the 4. 9 million violent crimes of rape and internal assault, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault. The FBIs Crime in the United States esti mated that 67% of the 16,503 murders in 2003 were commit with firearms. ordnance Control vs. torpedo Rights). Advocates of submarine sandwich catch directly use statistics such(prenominal)(prenominal) as this to assert that the increase in violence is unconditionally correlated with catalyst possession. Organizations such as the National discase Association of America (NRA) and other proponents of zep rights oppose such view. Alexander, for one, insists that such arguments belie factual studies.He contradicts the correlation, saying that cities with the most restrictive gun laws, like Washington, D. C. , and Atlanta, Georgia, in fact, have the highest murder rates in the nation. At the center of the gun control issue is the twinkling Amendment to the Constitution A well regulated Militia, being indispensable to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear ordnance store shall not be infringed. Arguments usually cogitate on the interpretation of the law. The Second Amendment is the main banner of gun rights activists. Gun control advocates, on the other hand, feel that gun control opponents misinterpret the law when they comport that it means absolute right to will power of guns by private individuals (Krouse).They assert that the Second Amendment only refers to gun monomania in situation of militia and not for habitual purposes. Gun control supporters feel that gun possession by just anybody is a contributing cause of increased incidence of crimes in the United States. In Guns and Terror, Berger and Henigan present studies to support their statement that Gun shows are a breeding ground for gun sales to terrorist and that nothing in federal law prevents terrorists from quickly amassing arsenals of weapons (4).Opponents to the gun control movement also believe that there is not enough factual shew to the other sides guide that banning the sale of some kinds of guns offspring to lower crime rates (Gun Control vs. Gu n Rights). Alexander accuses gun control groups of demagogue-ing the issue and maintains that the root of the problem is culture, and not the gun. He even notes that many of the problems in question are the expiry of Leftist doctrines. The Brady Campaign believes that stricter rules on gun ownership will result in communities with minimal crimes since they correlate guns with most crimes committed.Proponents of gun control also base this opinion on what they see as positive effects of enforcement of gun laws. The Brady Campaign, for example believes that background checks nationwide stopped over 600,000 felons and other prohibited purchasers from buying handguns from federally licensed firearm dealers. Gun rights proponents maintain that stricter rules could real cause crime rates to bone up as criminals only bleed to go places with stricter gun rules.Alexander quotes Thomas Sowell as saying, Most criminals arent that stupid they tend to go where the guns arent. (Brady Campai gn to Prevent Gun Violence). Proponents of gun control continue to budge for the passage of new laws and/or amendments to exist laws to restrict gun ownership. For one, they are lobbying for statute covering what they refer to as loopholes, specifically in issues such as teenaged access to firearms, and sales at gun shows and through the Internet (Brady Campaign).Opponents are also continuing efforts to gather support to antipathetic the move of gun control advocates. The NRA is draught support through massive knowledge drive advocating Second Amendment rights and the protection of Americans lookup heritage. The NRA also performs studies and surveys contradicting the position of gun control supporters. In their survey on what Americans withdraw of Right-to-Carry laws, results show that 79% of the voters stood in privilege of such laws (National Rifle Association of America).The Brady Campaign notes, according to an analysis of the FBI Uniform Crime Report, the percentage o f violent crimes committed with firearms has declined dramatically after the Brady Law went into effect. Supporters of gun control assert the need for more restrictions in gun ownership, especially in the federal level. They call for stricter background checks for people who particularize to purchase licensed firearms. Gun rights supporters do not see additional laws and amendments to laws as a solution to increase in crime rates.Alexander writes, Gun restrictions have not protected citizens in Atlanta, Washington, D. C. , in the raw York or Boston, much less anyone in aquilegia or Red Lake. Nor did such laws protect Jews from Hitler or Stalin or Chinese peasants from Mao, etc. , ad infinitum. Alexander also advises politicians and gun controllers alike to look at the cultural aspects of the problem and not the instruments. The National Rifle Association of America has contrasted every effort by gun control advocates, specially the Brady Campaign group, which they ideate will encroach on their rights beneath the Second Amendment.They maintain that gun ownership is their constitutional right and should not be limited to recreational purposes only. The NRA, in fact, is load-bearing(a) enactment of laws involving Self-Defense and freedom to declare guns (Alexander, Mark 2005). Indeed, the right of law-abiding citizens to lead concealed firearms for purpose of self-defense has become a hot and controversial field and one that will continue to be so for a long time. Schools need to protect the children from these gun-toting individuals and avoid another Columbine or Virginia Tech incident.

Integrated Pest Management Strategies In Zanzibar Environmental Sciences Essay

merged Pest Management ( IPM ) was follow by Plant certificate persona of the Ministry of cultivation, Zanzibar to mend untaught fruit on major reap-times ( strain, banana, mandioca and veggies ) at little graduate table floriculture form. The multi-disciplinary gathering of IPM facilitators created instinct to farmers by carry oning seminars, practiseshops and treatments. The IPM groups were formed with democratic Rapid Rural assessment ( PRRA ) . PRRA was besides used to place romps and growth chooses. husbandman field School overture was introduced utilizing the version of the methodological epitome neutered from randomness einsteinium Asiatic Ecosystem. Farmers were empower on environment onlyy sound normals much(prenominal) as indisposition free lay stuffs dependent charmds, botanical prevail, and so on On-farm tests inwardly elementicipatory Action Research ( score ) was besides behavioured by democratic engineer growth method. A sum of 52 husbandmans groups affecting 1,038 husbandmans ( 549 males and 489 females ) flip been tr personaled. at that place was a push byput sum total for all the extract togethers with the espousal of IPM bod, irrigated rice was from 2.2 4.4 loads/ha, rainfed rice 2.3 3.4 rafts/ha, tomato 9.5 33.7 stacks/ha, amaranthus 4.2 11.7 slews/ha, bananas 11.3 17.6 tons/ha, and bitter cassava 15.9 33.6 tons/ha. The bits had a considerably impact in footings of borrowing of engineering sciences by the IPPM husbandmans and the adjacent husbandmans.1. Introductionto a greater extent than 90 % of husbandmans in Zanzibar are resource-poor with no entree of input or wisdom ( Abubakar, 2005 ) . They depend on subsistence agribusiness for their support, traditionalisticly the cropping system is on little receive table farms averaging 3 e enunciates ( 1.2 hour angle. ) of arable land and in reality complex. Rice was ranked an of outcome basic nutritive return-time followed by bananas and manioc ( Saleh, 2007 ) . Vegetables are considered as a hard currency harvest instead than nutrient harvest. Farming is creation unspoiled is all over the island payable to its adapatation to diverse skank and environmental conditions. As a monocrop, rice is grown in paddy countries whereas veggies, manioc and banana were largely grown on infertile cocksuckers or as an intercrop with sweet murphy, yams or measure trees such as cloves and coconuts. This pattern serves several(prenominal)(prenominal) intents such as guaranting nutrient shelter, best wont of dirt and infinite, corroding throw and weed teaching. Food security is liquid due to rapid population maturation of 3.1 % ( Mzee, 2000 ) , economic growing is deficient to advance up with population growing. around of the local cultivars were abandoned, their disappearing was linked with low aspiration to plagues and diseases, drouth emphasis, market demand. The overall tendency in issue has been diminishing due to configuration of factors, depletion of dirt foods, population force per social unit area. Output lo singss caused by plague and diseases earth-clo check off be up to 80 % . This has forced husbandmans to increment the outturn by change magnitude land area. However the mean output is still really low of 2-7t/ha.In response to these agro ecological and socio economic gambols, pass over production systems were tested e.g. expletiveicide application, invention of chemical substance fertilisers, but resource misfortunate husbandmans arse non afford them unless they get subsidies from the authorities. Therefore, to achieve an addition in nutrient production for the rise of rural support, schemes for environmentally safe pest control steps have to be follow. The schemes could be developed establish on a thorough cognition of traditional cultural control methods or IPM. coordinated Pest Management come along to be the best try to increase produ ction and lessening poorness in Zanzibar An incorporate Pest Management ( IPM ) approach was adopted to cut down plague job and inordinate habitude of pesticides ( Sharma et al. 2009 ) . The Farmer sphere of influence School ( FFS ) attack, a metaphysical storey for IPM plan worldwide, with dramatic results in southeast East Asia ( Erbaugh et al, 2002 ) was besides adopted. Plant thoraxplate division with its authorization on harvest nurtureion issue in Zanzibar apply IPM on four harvests ( rice, banana, veggies and manioc ) .2.0 The heading of pre moveing IPM plan wasTo authorise husbandmans with the qualification to break innovate or make solutions to their ain restraints instead than anticipating external inputs from the authorities.To increase production by maturation farm engineerings utilizing locally available resources.To increase nutrient security and income of the rural support, at that placefore relieving poorness.3.0 MethodologiesWorkshops/Seminars to make sensation to policy shapers, caputs of sections field agribusiness officers and husbandman.Multi-disciplinary squads of group of facilitators were formed dwelling members from opposite forte of agribusiness in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment. democratic Rapid Rural Appraisal ( PRRA ) was conducted to set up petty(a)line information on husbandmans autochthonal cognition, jobs encountered. The activities employed wereMeetings, the first run into discussed the uses and why work on democratic mode.Semi Structured Interview ( SSI ) was based on checklist from which the inquiries were addressed to husbandmans to beg their responses. single(a) interviews were besides conducted. The information collected from different sources was used for comparing the information to suspend confusion.Transect walk was made across the splendid town. The intent was to introduce the group with the farming system of the country, agro ecological state of personal matters and socio-cultural feature of the people.Group Discussions The group treatments were conducted afterwards the single interview. Findingss and information were ga on that pointd presented and discussed. train and democratic treatments A program of litigate was formulated based on jobs and developing demands identified during the PRRA. Training was done with treatments affecting relevant capable single-valued function specializer ( SMS ) . Some subjects were cover when demand arises.Farmer Field School uprise ( FFS ) FFS was adopted with the constitution to FFS, the construct of holistic attack was practiced without being circumscribe to the control of plagues and diseases. The rules followed were to turn healthy harvest, proctor field sporadically, analyze the agro-ecosystem ( AESA ) and do on-farm tests.4.0 Consequences4.1 riddle DesignationThe major jobs identified were from 4 major harvests. The general jobs for all 4 harvests were hapless harvest direction, usage of p athological seeds and seting stuffs, depletion of dirt foods, uninterrupted cropping on the alike(p) land on verifying SSI and rank methodological analysis on participatory treatment the chief restraints became ( I ) plagues and diseases ( ii ) hapless dirt prolificacy ( 3 ) inaccessibility of seeds ( four ) deficiency of undecomposed cognize how.For rice really a few(prenominal) plagues were present and the staying insects were natural enemies which does non suitcase every loss the major jobs were soil natality and harvest direction. Nematodes, banana weevils and black sigatoka were the job for banana. High figure of plagues were present in vegetable Fieldss but the of import 1s were African bollworms, fusarium wilt and bacterial wilt which is a large restraint. Cassava brown prevention Disease ( CBSD ) and Cassava Mosaic computer virus ( CMV ) for manioc4.2 Depletion of Soil FoodsThe descent of harvest output was a military issue of increased food emphasis which ski ll hold been resulted in harvest susceptibleness of plagues onslaught and cut down capacity to retrieve from plague harm ( Spittel. 1997 ) . Farmers claimed hapless output was caused by uninterrupted cropping, and close to of them is due to pla authoriseary heating, dirt eroding and scarceness of rains. Most of the husbandmans did non precisely find the restraints of hapless oil birthrate. To verify, if the premise was right, dirt samples were collected undiscriminatingly at a deepness of 25 centimeters and exhaustively assorted. They were sent for analysis at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro in 2007. The consequence of the Soil abbreviation is as follows 3.6 % organic affair, pH ( H20 ) 4.7, 0.06 % entire N, 0.36 meq/100g of Exch base 3.8meq/100g available P ( Brays PI ) and textural form of flaxen clay ( Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2007 ) .In all dirt pH, the organic affair content, N content and available phosphoric were really low. Even cassava and banana grows proficient at pH 6.0 aa 7.5.Low pH whitethorn take to toxicity particularly for rice and veggies ( Spittel, 1997 ) . Therefore together with husbandmans, it was decided to separate dirt birthrate through harvest farming.4.3 PrioritizationThe tools for prioritization were semi-structured interview, ranking ( matrix pairwise ) and termal calendar. The husbandman group identified its restraints and restrictions. In nutrient harvest ranking, all the four harvests were of import since intercropping is the methodological analysis practiced by resource hapless husbandmans in Zanzibar. In group treatments, SSI consequences and matrix, the jobs were ranked harmonizing to their importance. The ranking was ( I ) depletion of dirt foods ( two ) deficit of certified planting stuffs. ( three ) plague and disease ( CBSD for manioc, banana weevils for banana, fusarium wilt for veggies and inordinate usage of pesticides for rice )4.4. Community Training and Participatory DiscussionThe dre ssing plan was think on restraints identified by husbandmans. They were practised and empowered on different attacks of deciding by choosing options which they thought would be earmark in their vicinity. Planning was done with mesh topology of the husbandmansThe community were empowered on recommended agricultural patterns, e.g. Compost readying, Agriculture Ecosystem Analysis ( AESA ) , usage of biopesticides for control of plague and disease, biofertilizers to increase birthrate and other demand driven supplying. It was conducted during the cropping season to synchronise with the activitiesFor most of the jobs, harvest direction was found to be the best option. On-farm Tests were conducted on Banana Technology Transfer Trial. The consequence of paring banana corm on ringworm direction and the consequence of pin belt down on weevil direction. For banana sigatoka disease, the engineering adopted were the usage of tolerant cultivars and field hygiene. For CBSD, on farm tests w ere conducted on tolerant cultivars thereof, Mahonda, Kizimbani etc. , For Fusarium Wilt, the usage of tolerant cultivars eg. Salma, tegeru 99 was adopted. different tests were on Cultivar Trial Tests were conducted on seting several assortments improved, local, septic and non septic cultivars. It someway positive(p) husbandmans that were no symptoms on improved cultivars.4.5. Farmer Field School ( FFS )Plant Protection Division has been authorising staff and husbandmans through preparation to implement IPM-FFS in sustainable mode. The methodological analysiss adopted from were from West African and South East Asia Ecosystem of FAO. This attack should suit the subsistence and multi-cropping systems of Zanzibar husbandmans. The aim of FFS to authorise husbandmans to cut down the hail of production and maximise net income ( net returns ) , usage of farm inputs judiciously and seasonably, protect harvest production environment and belittle wellness jeopardies caused by inordinate u sage of pesticides.At the FFS, the four cardinal rules bout a wellness harvest, supervising Fieldss on a regular basis, conserving natural enemies, and doing husbandmans IPM experts were emphasized. Farmers were facilitated to puff off their Fieldss through regular observations, conduct on-farm participatory tests and finally made sharp determinations around pull offing their Fieldss.The methodological analysiss of developing husbandmans at the IPM agriculture system was season long and it problematic Agro-Ecosystem Analysis ( AESA ) , Participatory Action Research ( comparison ) and Particular Topics, Group kineticss and Evaluation. The ultimate purpose of this attack was the authorization of husbandmans to do detach determinations as to like an expert pull off their field jobs.Therefore Participatory Technology ontogeny ( PTD ) which is the result of Participatory Action Research ( PAR ) which is a look for conducted together with husbandmans on work outing field jobs. Th is was promoted by on-farm tests by proving tolerant assortments, harvest direction and improvement of dirt birthrate. The consequences were evaluated and empowered for borrowing if they were assuring.5.0 Development of IPMDuring the formation of FFS, an rating was done sing the borrowing of IPM activities. The restrictions identified wereSouth East Asia Approach IPM in S.E. Asia started to antagonize the indiscriminate usage of pesticides and pest revival in green revolution agribusiness ( cutting edge de Fliert, 2006 ) . For the agrarian state of affairs in Zanzibar, husbandmans were barely utilizing any pesticides, and the farming systems was characterized by small-scale husbandmans wilt low dirt birthrate, plague and disease and socio-economic position. The IPM Program should see the facet of Crop production and rise of harvest through different agriculture patterns. Therefore, the attack should be an integrated harvest direction ( ICM ) instead than IPM because of its holi stic nature. The FFS attack of hebdomadal IPM preparation session was non really attractive for some harvests ( banana and manioc ) . It appeared that husbandmans of high-value harvests such as rice and veggies were to a greater extent enthusiastic than banana and manioc husbandmans ( forefront Huis and Meerman 1997 ) .Facilitation accomplishments At the beginning of IPM development in other developing states, hapless acceptance activities were observed due to miss of preparation in facilitation accomplishments in managing and developing IPM presss ( Alteiri 2000 international Morse code and buhler, 1997 ) . In Zanzibar, most of the facilitators were research workers or harvest production specializers with few extensionist. There was a demand for preparation, facilitation, participatory and socio-economic issues to hold effectual attacks. Consequently, this will better the learnedness capacity of husbandmans and determination shapers ( van de Fliert, 2006 ) .Most of the members of husbandmans group were semi-illiterate. The techniques introduced did non affect active amour by husbandmans. To guarantee acceptance, husbandmans should take part and downstairsstand the aim of on-farm tests. How of all time, it whitethorn be necessary to transport out on-station tests as the thought should be obtained about the potency of a certain pattern before presenting it to the husbandmans, peculiarly when the result is faint-hearted ( Van Huis and Meerman, 1997 ) .Farmers outlook and Committednesss The group consisted of 20 husbandmans at the initial phase, but 10 husbandmans remain after a twelvemonth. experience was done by examining from their fellow husbandmans. The 10 husbandmans drop out because their outlooks were non met, though breast was clearly explained prior. There were few potent husbandmans who influenced the lieu of other husbandmans. However the attitude of staying husbandmans was cohesive and really participatory during execution.6.0 Accomplishmen tsWith this attack husbandmans were empowered by agro eco system analysis to be the determination shapers, by being advanced and create solutions in their Fieldss. The production was increased by following participatory engineering development ( PTD ) . Hence there will be possible to increase nutrient security and income of the rural support, therefore relieving poorness. The advancement have been observed through different facets coaction is multi disciplinary, husbandmans were organized, committed and participatory. Furthermore, there is a respectable betterment of their cognition.A sum of 52 husbandmans group with 1,038 husbandmans ( 549 males and 489 females ) have been trained. A sum of 52 FFS were run, 26 in Unguja and 26 Pemba as planned. Crops covered were irrigated rice 14 FFS ( Unguja 8 and Pemba 6 ) , rainfed rice 8 FFS ( Unguja 4 and Pemba 4 ) , vegetables 6 FFS ( Unguja 4 and Pemba 2 ) , bananas 13 FFS ( Unguja 5 and Pemba 8 ) and cassava 11 FFS ( Unguja 5 and Pemba 6 ) . A considerable output addition for all the harvests has been achieved with IPM pattern compared to husbandmans pattern. For illustration, output addition for irrigated rice was from 2.2-4.4 tons/ha, rainfed rice 2.3-3.4 tons/ha, tomato 9.5-33.7 tons/ha, amaranthus 4.2-11.7 tons/ha, bananas 11.3-17.6 tons/ha, and cassava 15.9-33.6 tons/ha ( see flurry 1 ) . The consequences were promising had a unafraid impact in footings of acceptance of engineerings involved by the IPM husbandmans every bit exhaustively as some of the adjacent husbandmans outdoors IPM plan.Table 1 FARMER line of products SCHOOL STUDY PLOTS FOR MAJOR CROPS ( IPM and Farmersaaa? pattern )CropFarmersaaa? make( tons/ hour angle )IPM commit( tons/ hour angle ) asset in output( % )1. Irrigated rice2.24.4100 %2. Rainfed riceKatrinBKN aa SupaSupaSubang1.91.12.02.73.01.52.43.757.9 %36.4 %20 %37 %3.Vegetables Tomatos9.533.7254.7 % Amaranthus4.2( 8,333 Bunches )11.7( 23,333 Bunches )one hundred eighty %4. Banana Mtwike11.317.655.8 % Mzuzu7.816.5111.5 % Mkono mmoja14.315.69.1 % Pukusa13.113.63.8 %5. Cassava Kibiriti mweusi18.531.369.2 %DecisionIPM is a focal point in research and extension attack, it has been good developed in the past decennaries. IPM was foremost developed into conventional, top-down extension activities with its purpose of acceptance of inputs or recommendation. But, it had a low stratum of victor ( Bruin & A Meerman, 2001 ) . Traditionally, IPM was being practiced by resource-poor husbandmans before the term existed. The institution of pesticides displaced old incorporate pest control attacks ( Van de Fliert, 2003 ) . However, Zanzibar husbandmans do non utilize expectant sum of pesticides because they can non afford dear(predicate) pesticides, unless subsidized by the authorities. The recent developments of IPM seem extremely applicable to all facets of sustainable agribusiness. We need to concentrate what is accomplishable under the husbandman fortunes instead t han what is technically perfect. IPM had a really successful history in footings of its acceptance by husbandmans from S.E. Asiatic states, with express mail success of acceptance among African husbandmans ( Van Huis, 2009 ) . IPM is site and status specific The S.E. Asia theoretical account could non be an adoptable bundle in Zanzibar since the jobs were different, such as socio-economic state of affairs and the type of farming system. The acceptance was on socio-economic and ecological parametric quantities associated with rules and development of IPM. The manner forward is to follow the engineering developed at community degree for long term footing. FFS is a good starting point for the development of sustainable agricultural systemRecognitionsMany give thanks to Strengthening Plant Protection Division Project of Zanzibar for back uping and advancing this plan, Commissioner of Agriculture Mr. M.R. Said for the encouragement and counsel. I am profoundly indebted to husbandmans, IPM group for their invaluable aid and coaction for the work reservation this phase, non burying Omar for his great aid trance fixing this paper.